Standard of proof

--- Alteration of conviction --- Lesser offence --- Prerequisites --- Standard of proof --- Scope --- If an act carries two punishments listed under two or more offences under penalizing statute(s), the lesser can be awarded in view of mitigating circumstances --- However, this applies to the situation where the act squarely falls within both of the said offences and the scenario would completely change if the required ingredients of the offence to which it will be altered are not fulfilled --- The standard of proof in criminal cases is that the prosecution shall establish the guilt beyond reasonable doubt, unlike the preponderance of evidence in civil matters --- To alter the conviction under one provision to another will mandatorily require that the basic ingredients of the provision to which it will be altered must be fulfilled beyond reasonable doubt.